MotheKraii MATERNAL TETANUS : MAGNITUDE , EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF A NEGLECTED CAUSE OF MATERNAL MORTALITY REACH
نویسندگان
چکیده
...................................... ......... i A. INTRODUCTION ........................................... 1 B. SOURCES OF DATA ........................................ 1 C. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS ............................... 2 D. CLINICAL FEATURES ....................................... 2 D . 1. Incubation .......................................... 2 D.2. Symptoms and complications ............................... 3 D .3. Case fatality ......................................... 3 D.4. Differential diagnosis ................................... 3 E. EPIDEMIOLOGY: DISTRIBUTION AND RISK FACTORS .................. 4 E. 1. Geographic distribution of matemal tetanus ........................ 4 E.1.1. Asia ...... ................ ... ............... 4 E.1.2. Africa ....................................... 4 E.1.3. South America and the Caribbean . ...................... 5 E.2. Distribution of tetanus spores .................................. 5 E.3. Distribution of pregnancies', abortions, and traditional practices .......... 5 E.3.1. Health services (access, utilization & quality of care) .......... 6 E.4. Distribution of portals of entry .............................. 6 E.5. Age, parity. m~r:al status ..... ........................... 7 E.6. Socioeconomic status .................................... 7 E.7. Seasonal variation ..................................... 8 E.8. Relationship with neonatal tetanus ............................ 8 E.9. Reporting problems and extrapolation attempts .................... 8 F. CONTROL MEASURES ........................................... 8 F.1. Curative measures ..................................... 8 F.2. Preventive measures ..................................... 9 TABLE 1: Maternal tetanus studies reviewed ............................. 11 TABLE 2: Etiologic distribution of maternal tetanus in published studies ............ 12 TABLE 3: Case fatality ratios (CFRs) .................................. 13 TABLE 4: Proportion of maternal deaths due to maternal tetanus ................ 14 REFERENCES ............................................... 15
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